Reproduction is the biological process by which new individual organisms are produced. Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result of reproduction. The known methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: s
exual and asexual.
In asexual reproduction, an individual can reproduce without involvement with another individual of that species. The division of a bacterial cell into two daughter cells is an example of asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is not, however, limited to single-celled organisms. Most plants have the ability to reproduce asexually.
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction res
ulting in the conception of a child, typically involving sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male reproductive system and the female reproductive system results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm, which after a gestation period is followed by childbirth. The fertilization of the ovum may nowadays be achieved by artificial insemination methods, which do not involve sexual intercourse.
The human male
The ma
le reproductive is made up of a pp system contains two main divisi
ons: the penis, and the testes, the latter of which is where sperm are produced. In humans, both of these organ
s are outside the abdominal cavity. Having the testes outside the abdomen best facilitates temperature regulation of the sperm, which require specific temperatures to survive.
Sperm are smaller than the female ovum, and live approximately 2 weeks after production, requiring males to produce them continuously from the time of sexual maturity until death.
A sperm cell is motile and swims via chemotaxis, using its flagellum to propel i
tself towards the ovum.
The human female
The female reproductive system likewise contains two main divisions
: the vagina and uterus, which act as the receptacle for the semen, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus.
If, in this transit, it meets with Spermatozoon, the sperm penetrate and merge with the egg, fertilizing it. The fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself. The zygote then implants itself in the wall of the uterus, where it begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. When developed enough to survive outside the womb, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the foetus through the birth canal, which is the vagina.
The ova, which are the female sex cells, are much larger than the spermatozoon and are normally formed with in the ovaries of the fetus before its birth. They are mostly fixed in location with in the ovary until their transit to the uterus, and contain nutrients for the later zygote and embry
o. Over a regular interval, in response to hormonal signals, a process of oogenesis matures one ovum which is released and sent down the Fallopian tube. If not fertilized, this egg is flushed out of the system through menstruation.
Process
Human reproduction is a long process, starting with sexual intercourse, followed by nine months of pregnancy before childbirth. Many years of parental care is required in order to finish with a mature human being.
Sexual intercourse
Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of th
e ovum. Upon successful fertilization and implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs within the female's uterus, called pregnancy. This process is also known as "mating" or "having sex".
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the period of time during which the fetus develops, dividing via mitosis inside the female. During this time, the fetus receives all
of its nutrition and oxygenated blood from the female, filtered through the placenta, which is attached to the fetus' abdomen via an umbilical cord. This drain of nutrients can be quite taxing on the female, who is required to ingest slightly higher l
evels of calories. In addition, certain vitamins and other nutrients are required in greater quantities than normal, often creating abnormal eating habits. Gestation is 40 weeks in humans.
Birth
Once the fetus is sufficiently developed, chemical signals start the process of birth, which begins with the fetus squeezing through the vagina, and eventually out of the female. The newborn, which
is called an infant in humans, should typically begin respiration on its own shortly after birth. Not long after, the placenta is passed as well. The end of the umbilical cord attached to the child's abdomen eventually falls off on its own.The mid-wife or nurse assisting the birth will usually detach the mother from the baby using a clamp, then cutting it off.
Parental care
Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels of parental care for many years. One important type of parental care is the use of the mammary glands in the female breasts to nurse the baby.
exual and asexual.In asexual reproduction, an individual can reproduce without involvement with another individual of that species. The division of a bacterial cell into two daughter cells is an example of asexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction is not, however, limited to single-celled organisms. Most plants have the ability to reproduce asexually.
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction res
ulting in the conception of a child, typically involving sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male reproductive system and the female reproductive system results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm, which after a gestation period is followed by childbirth. The fertilization of the ovum may nowadays be achieved by artificial insemination methods, which do not involve sexual intercourse.The human male
The ma
le reproductive is made up of a pp system contains two main divisions: the penis, and the testes, the latter of which is where sperm are produced. In humans, both of these organ
s are outside the abdominal cavity. Having the testes outside the abdomen best facilitates temperature regulation of the sperm, which require specific temperatures to survive.
Sperm are smaller than the female ovum, and live approximately 2 weeks after production, requiring males to produce them continuously from the time of sexual maturity until death.
A sperm cell is motile and swims via chemotaxis, using its flagellum to propel i
tself towards the ovum.
The human female
The female reproductive system likewise contains two main divisions
: the vagina and uterus, which act as the receptacle for the semen, and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the uterus is attached to the ovaries via the Fallopian tubes. At certain intervals, the ovaries release an ovum, which passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus.
If, in this transit, it meets with Spermatozoon, the sperm penetrate and merge with the egg, fertilizing it. The fertilization usually occurs in the oviducts, but can happen in the uterus itself. The zygote then implants itself in the wall of the uterus, where it begins the processes of embryogenesis and morphogenesis. When developed enough to survive outside the womb, the cervix dilates and contractions of the uterus propel the foetus through the birth canal, which is the vagina.
The ova, which are the female sex cells, are much larger than the spermatozoon and are normally formed with in the ovaries of the fetus before its birth. They are mostly fixed in location with in the ovary until their transit to the uterus, and contain nutrients for the later zygote and embry
o. Over a regular interval, in response to hormonal signals, a process of oogenesis matures one ovum which is released and sent down the Fallopian tube. If not fertilized, this egg is flushed out of the system through menstruation.
Process
Human reproduction is a long process, starting with sexual intercourse, followed by nine months of pregnancy before childbirth. Many years of parental care is required in order to finish with a mature human being.
Sexual intercourse
Human reproduction takes place as internal fertilization by sexual intercourse. During this process, the erect penis of the male is inserted into the female's vagina until the male ejaculates semen, which contains sperm, into the female's vagina. The sperm then travels through the vagina and cervix into the uterus or fallopian tubes for fertilization of th
e ovum. Upon successful fertilization and implantation, gestation of the fetus then occurs within the female's uterus, called pregnancy. This process is also known as "mating" or "having sex".
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the period of time during which the fetus develops, dividing via mitosis inside the female. During this time, the fetus receives all
of its nutrition and oxygenated blood from the female, filtered through the placenta, which is attached to the fetus' abdomen via an umbilical cord. This drain of nutrients can be quite taxing on the female, who is required to ingest slightly higher l
evels of calories. In addition, certain vitamins and other nutrients are required in greater quantities than normal, often creating abnormal eating habits. Gestation is 40 weeks in humans.
Birth
Once the fetus is sufficiently developed, chemical signals start the process of birth, which begins with the fetus squeezing through the vagina, and eventually out of the female. The newborn, which
is called an infant in humans, should typically begin respiration on its own shortly after birth. Not long after, the placenta is passed as well. The end of the umbilical cord attached to the child's abdomen eventually falls off on its own.The mid-wife or nurse assisting the birth will usually detach the mother from the baby using a clamp, then cutting it off.Parental care
Human's babies and children are nearly helpless and require high levels of parental care for many years. One important type of parental care is the use of the mammary glands in the female breasts to nurse the baby.
